Which of the following best describes a financial ratio?

A financial ratio is fundamentally a numerical comparison derived from financial statements. It serves as a tool to evaluate the financial health and performance of a business. By taking key figures from the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, ratios can provide insights into aspects like profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and solvency. This analysis helps stakeholders—such as investors, management, and creditors—understand the effectiveness of a company's operations and make informed decisions based on its financial condition.

In contrast to the other options, a financial ratio specifically focuses on quantifying relationships between financial statement items rather than being created solely for tax purposes, assessing market trends, or serving as a general guideline for investment strategies. While tax calculations, market analysis, and investment guidelines are important, they do not capture the essence of what defines a financial ratio in a business context.